Posts Tagged ‘Isaiah’

Background for 8th century Isaiah

Sunday, October 11th, 2009

Essentials of Hebrew History

All dates are BC (or BCE Before the Common Era)

Background

  • 2000-1500?— Abraham, Isaac, Jacob
  • 1300?—          Exodus from Egypt
  • 1200-1020?— The Judges (Deborah, Samson, Gideon, etc.)

Israel becomes a monarchy. Three kings rule over a united kingdom.

  • 1020-1000?— King Saul
  • 1000-960?—   King David
  • 960-930?—     King Solomon

Because Solomon’s heir refuses to lighten the load of forced labor and taxation, the northern tribes split from the southern tribes. This is the Divided Kingdom.

Neighbors

Throughout the history, Israel’s neighbors (enemies, occasionally friends) are Syria (capital, Damascus), Moab, Philistia, Edom, Ammon, etc. A major power, Egypt constantly struggles for control with the empires to the East. Dominant in Palestine for a century or so, one after another, the eastern empires are:

  • 8th c. Assyria (capital, Nineveh), (742—Isaiah’s call vision, ch. 6)
  • 7th-6th c. Babylon (capital, city of Babylon,) becomes symbol of evil enemies in NT
  • 6th -5th c. Persia.

 

Divided Kingdom and Exile

Northern Kingdom: Ten tribes. Capital is Samaria. Called Ephraim or Israel. Monarchy unstable, succession sometimes occurs by murder and intrigue.

  • 721— Northern Kingdom falls to Assyria. Ten tribes taken into exile, go extinct.

Southern Kingdom: Two tribes. Capital is Jerusalem. Called Judah; after fall of Northern Kingdom, it is also called Israel. Monarchy stable, succession always in the House of David.

  • 586— Southern Kingdom falls to Babylon, king Nebuchadnezzar. Two southern tribes taken into exile to Babylon.

 

Return from Exile

Babylon is conquered by Persian king Cyrus.

  • 539-538— Cyrus decrees the Jews may return to their homeland.

 

Coming home is no picnic. The remnant who return face hardship and enemies.

  • 515— Second Temple completed, despite local opposition.
  • 458— Ezra reads the Law aloud to the people of Jerusalem (this marks beginning of Judaism).

Sources: Anderson, Understanding the OT, 4th ed.; New Interpreter’s Study Bible.

Whom do you fear?

Wednesday, September 23rd, 2009

Isaiah's_Lips_Anointed_with_Fire

 

 

 

 

Left: Isaiah’s lips anointed by the angel (Isaiah 6.7)

 

 

Isaiah, the greatest of the writing Hebrew prophets, lived in the eighth century BCE. His children become signs, acts of God incarnate.

Here are some names for your baby book:

  • Shear-jashub (a few will come back)
  • Maher-shalal-hash-baz (swift the spoil, prompt the plunder)

No?

Perhaps this one suits you better:

  • Immanuel (God with us)

Isaiah 7.14. Isaiah, the fifth gospel, predicts the virgin birth of Jesus. Right?

Matthew understood it that way, and used the Septuagint (the Greek KJV of the ancient Jews and Christians), which read, “A virgin (parthenos) shall conceive…” Matthew understood it to be a prediction of Jesus’ birth of Mary “who knew not a man” 700 years in advance.

Trouble is, the king to whom Isaiah delivered this prophecy-child—Ahaz (735-715 BCE)—didn’t give a flip about his own kids:

He even made his son pass through fire…

2 Kings 16:3-4 (NRSV)

He put his own son to death. Why would he care about a child born 700 years later?

Isaiah’s family

Nobody’s questioning Matthew’s coopting this text for his purposes later.

What you miss if that’s all you see is Isaiah’s children, named above. For, Immanuel, the child promised by Isaiah, is good old Maher, born to Isaiah and his unnamed wife the prophetess shortly after this prophecy.

Before this child reaches the age of accountability, the foes Ahaz dreads will be smoke and cinders:

For before the child knows how to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land before whose two kings you are in dread will be deserted.

Isaiah 7:16 (NRSV)

Ahaz ignored Isaiah’s warning, and turned to Assyria for help. By 721 BCE  Assyria would help itself to the entire Northern Kingdom, and threaten the South, Ahaz’s country, as well.

Eventually Isaiah shut up, entrusting his message to his children, his disciples (Isa 8.16-18).

Isaiah’s fear

If you see a snake on the highway, you’re scared, right? But if an 18-wheeler comes barreling down that highway toward you at 80 mph, you run for your life!

The kings plotting against Israel are the snake. God is the 18-wheeler.

Fear God!

That’s Isaiah’s message.

Do not call conspiracy all that this people calls conspiracy, and do not fear what it fears, or be in dread. But the LORD of hosts, him you shall regard as holy; let him be your fear, and let him be your dread.

Isaiah 8:12-14 (NRSV)

“Fear of the LORD” is a Hebrew idiom for the faith of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Moses in Yahweh.

But, though it doesn’t mean “to be scared of,” it does admonish us “to have a healthy respect for, to reverence.”

Since 9/11 our government likes to bandy about words like “terrorism” and “national security.”

No doubt these matters need attending to. But far more critical to the health of the nation is the state of our faith. In the powerful Message paraphrase, Isaiah puts these questions to you and me:  

Why this frenzy of sacrifices?” GOD’s asking. “Don’t you think I’ve had my fill of burnt sacrifices, rams and plump grain-fed calves? Don’t you think I’ve had my fill of blood from bulls, lambs, and goats?

 When you come before me, who ever gave you the idea of acting like this, Running here and there, doing this and that– all this sheer commotion in the place provided for worship?

“Quit your worship charades. I can’t stand your trivial religious games: Monthly conferences, weekly Sabbaths, special meetings– meetings, meetings, meetings–I can’t stand one more!

Meetings for this, meetings for that. I hate them! You’ve worn me out! I’m sick of your religion, religion, religion, while you go right on sinning.

When you put on your next prayer-performance, I’ll be looking the other way. No matter how long or loud or often you pray, I’ll not be listening. And do you know why? Because you’ve been tearing people to pieces, and your hands are bloody. 

 Isaiah 1.11-15 The Message

Isaiah’s fate

We don’t know for sure what happened to Isaiah of Jerusalem. He produced the most majestic Hebrew poetry in the Book. He foresaw more clearly than anyone else in ancient times the One who was to come.

It may have been, not himself, but one of his children, his disciples, who penned Isaiah 40-55 which called the exiles from comfort in Babylon to the rigors of faithful living in Palestine. (Scholars call this disciple “Isaiah of Babylon.”)

Yet another may have  produced the messages of Isaiah 56-66 and helped the disillusioned returnees to see God at work in their severe circumstances. This disciple, called “Third Isaiah,” described God’s chosen  fast, a life given to serving the poor and releasing the captive.

According to tradition, Hebrews 11.37, “they were sawn in two,” refers to Isaiah of Jerusalem, put to death by Manasseh, Ahaz’s grandson. About 60 years later, in 587/6 BCE the Southern Kingdom Judah was destroyed.

Lent is for “lencten”—lengthen what?

Thursday, February 26th, 2009

As, from outside, I endure the extreme misery of my friends, sometimes it gets too much. This week it did. I turned to Victor Hugo’s mythic novel Les Miserables, which I’ve never read, I don’t know, maybe as a way to transfigure the suffering I’ve gotten so close to it burns like arctic iron.

I’m not good at keeping other people’s suffering separate from my own, a flaw which doomed my career as a pastoral counselor, but may in the end save me as a human being.

So, rather than writing a post on the beginning of Lent as part of our CCBlogs community exercise, I’ve engulfed myself in 19th century France and the trials of Jean Valjean.

I’m also preparing my income taxes, and in two Bible study groups leading a close reading of the book of Revelation.

The last is my response to the huge interest in the Left Behind series. (I didn’t want to be left out!) A friend’s faith was awakened when she read the books and began looking up the biblical prophecies.

I’ve taught Revelation four or five times over the past thirty years, usually in response to something like Hal Lindsey’s Late Great, for instance.

My mind is not systematic, but intuitive-poetic, so it’s hard for me to snip verses from here and there and paste up an end times chronology. So many have been wrong! I’m sure I’d be, as well, if I tried.

I prefer to take the whole book—Daniel, Ezekiel, Revelation—study its message as a whole, and leave systematics to others.

So what’s all this got to do with Ash Wednesday and the start of Lent?

First, to get my view, you have to know I’ve had to undo a layer of anti-Catholic prejudice that I took in with mother’s milk. Ironic that my dad’s family had been Catholic before converting to Baptist, though Mom told me Dad, a Baptist preacher, was never baptized. I guess he wanted to play it safe, and keep his infant baptism credentials.

I never got any of his affection for the Church, only his objections to it. So I’ve had to unlearn a lot of stuff.

The value of Lent, for example.

Lent, from the Old English “lencten” or as we spell it today “lengthen,” a reference to the lengthening daylight of spring. In Lent the hours of light lengthen!

That’s a symbol I love. A whole lot better than Jeremiah’s sixth century lament,

Woe to us, for the day declines,
     the shadows of evening
lengthen! Jer 6:4 (NRSV)

A time of reckoning had come. The enemies of Judah were massing, and soon would descend upon Jerusalem and Judah like a horde of destroying angels.

How about us? For our culture, which are lengthening: hours of darkness or hours of light?

Some Left Behind folks believe the doomsday clock is about to or has already begun to strike midnight. A submerged ice mountain has rent the hull, the ocean liner is going down.

 Abandon ship! Our job as Christians is to get everybody into the lifeboats.

 Lent, however, has a different meaning. It’s the light that is lengthening toward the full force of day. Life on this earth, by the breath of the Creator, is renewing. The voice of the turtledove is heard in our land.

 There comes a moment in the second Lord of the Rings films. Sam, Frodo and Gollum stand on the edge of the Great City, which lies in ruins from the juggernaut of the flying Nazgul.

 ”What are we fighting for?” Frodo asks, exhausted from wrestling with his addiction to the ring.

 Gollum looks up. It is the question, the only one that matters.

 Sam says, “There’s some good in this world, and it’s worth fighting for.”

 That’s the question we Christ followers also must answer. Is the message of Lent that all is dust and ashes? Or is the message this: that we need to examine our lives, recommit to our vows, and get on with the struggle to walk in newness of life, not just as individuals, but as a planet, not just for the world to come but for the good earth here and now?

 I believe it’s the second that’s true. Apologies to Tim LaHaye, but I’m not ready to jump ship just yet.

 In the 19th century Victor Hugo wrote:

Society must answer for the night which it produces. If the soul is left in darkness, sins will be committed. The guilty one is not he who commits the sin, but he who causes the darkness.

 His words are as true today as when he penned them.

 One of Isaiah’s disciples wrote the people of his time, those who had returned to Palestine from exile, only to wake up to a very hardscrabble morning after. Were their hopes a foamy draft of deception? Would they have been better off to stay in exile?

 Some turned to ritual, the rules of their fathers: just recite the prayers right, offer the right animal on the right altar exactly as God requires.

 No, Isaiah said, ritual has its place. But what God wants now and here is something else:

 Is not this the fast that I choose:
     to loose the bonds of injustice,
     to undo the thongs of the yoke,
to let the oppressed go free,
     and to break every yoke?
Is it not to share your bread with the hungry,
     and bring the homeless poor into your house;
when you see the naked, to cover them,
     and not to hide yourself from your own kin?
Then your light shall break forth like the dawn,
     and your healing shall spring up quickly;
your vindicator shall go before you,
     the glory of the LORD shall be your rear guard. Isaiah 58.6-8 NRSV

 Whether it’s evening or morning that’s lengthening may be up to us.

 The fastnesses of extremism far from here have demonstrated how deep the roots of hatred and terror grow in the rocky soil of poverty, ignorance, and neglect. It’s not Islam vs. Christianity at issue here, but light vs. darkness in Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Hinduism and in all other religions.

 But, the arms of love are stronger. The reach of Light is infinite. John wrote, “God is light, God is love,” (1John 1.5; 4.16).

 Lent is God’s calling us, for the sake of this world, come what may, to live in love and in the light.

So let’s get a move on. As John Wayne (or was it Shakespeare) said, “We”re burning daylight.”